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Abstract
SABRE (Sodium Iodide with Active Background Rejection Experiment) aims at the direct detection of dark matter particles via their scattering off nuclei. A fundamental model-independent signature for dark matter particles interacting on a ground-based detector is the annual modulation of the expected interaction rate. Such modulation is due to the change of the Earth’s velocity relative to the galactic halo reference frame, with maximum interaction rate around June 2nd. SABRE aims to detect the annual modulation by an array of high radio-purity NaI(Tl) crystals deployed in a liquid scintillator, which works as an active anti-coincidence veto. The crystal radio-purity is a fundamental feature in SABRE. Therefore, a proof-of-principle measurement is planned to characterize the first 5 kg high purity crystals produced by the Collaboration. In addition, SABRE scientific program includes the deployment of two similar detectors: one in the North hemisphere at LNGS, in Italy, and one in the South hemisphere at SUPL, in Australia. This double measurement will improve disentangling any subtle effect due to cosmic muons, which have an opposite seasonal modulation in the two hemispheres.
Description
The heart of the SABRE detector is high radio-purity Thallium-doped Sodium-Iodide (NaI(Tl)) scintillating crystals. Each collision between a dark matter particle and a nucleus releases a small amount of energy (<100 keV) that is converted into light. The amount of light is measured by two high quantum efficiency photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) directly coupled to each crystal. Each crystal is packaged along with two PMTs inside a high-purity light and air-tight copper enclosure. The NaI(Tl) detector module is operated inside a stainless steel vessel filled with liquid scintillator that acts as active shielding. Unlike gammas and neutrons background events, dark matter events are localized inside the crystals. Therefore, the liquid scintillator can veto a large fraction of backgrounds coming from the intrinsic radioactive isotopes and residual contamination of the detector set-up materials. A passive shielding made of lead, polyethylene and water, installed outside the scintillator vessel, provides a further suppression of the background coming from the experimental hall.
The development of SABRE is expected to follow a two phase program. The first phase (SABRE Proof-of-Principle or PoP) aims to develop and test radio-pure NaI(Tl) crystals in an active veto detector at LNGS. This phase will use a 5 kg crystal made following a specific protocol to reduce intrinsic background and external contaminations. The crystal will be operated inside 1.5 tons of liquid scintillator. When the PoP has proven that the radio-purity of the crystal matches the SABRE goal, the Collaboration will move to the second phase. The second phase foresees an array of low background crystal detectors to perform a dark matter search. The total mass of NaI(Tl) crystals is expected to be of the order of 50 kg. To strengthen the reliability of the result against possible seasonal systematic effects, we currently plan twin full-scale experiments, one in the northern hemisphere at LNGS, in Italy, and one in the southern hemisphere inside the Stawell gold mine in Victoria, Australia, which is being converted into an underground laboratory (SUPL).
Spokesperson
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. (Princeton University)
Collaboration
AUSTRALIA
Australian National University: Gregory Lane, Cedric Simenel, Andrew Stuchbery, Anton Wallner
Swinburne University of Technology: Alan Duffy, Jeremy Mould
University of Adelaide: Paul Jackson, Anthony Thomas, Martin White, Anthony Williams, Bruce Dawson, Gary Hill, Gavin Rowell
University of Melbourne: Elisabetta Barberio, Tiziano Baroncelli, John Koo, Chunha Li, Katherine Mack, Ibtihal Mahmood, Peter McNamara, Francesco Nuti, Phillip Urquijo, Frank Zhang, Madeleine Zurowski
ITALY
INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso: Maddalena Antonello, Gabriele Bucciarelli, Giuseppe Di Carlo, Aldo Ianni, Paolo Martella, Donato Orlandi, Michela Paris, Chiara Vignoli, Chiara Zarra
Università degli Studi di Milano & INFN Sezione di Milano: Davide D’Angelo
Sapienza Università di Roma & INFN Sezione di Roma: Ioan Dafinei, Marcella Diemoz, Giulia D’Imperio, Paolo Montini, Valerio Pettinacci, Shahram Rahatlou, Claudia Tomei
UK
Imperial College London: Francis Froborg
USA
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL): Jingke Xu
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL): Isaac Arnquist, Eric Hoppe, Todd Hossbach, John Orrell, Cory Overman
Princeton University: Jay Benziger, Frank Calaprice, Antonio Di Ludovico, Graham Giovanetti, Burkhant Suerfu, Masa Wada
E-mail messages for the lngs.infn.it domain pass through the smtp.lngs.infn.it mail server that delivers them to gsmail.lngs.infn.it IMAP server, which acts as an e-mail container.
So, an user can access his email on the gsmail.lngs.infn.it server from any node on the local network or from any external node via the IMAPS protocol.
Alternatively, an user can access his email using any web browser that supports https protocol.
The following tables list the configurations for e-mails client.
| Incoming Server | gsmail.lngs.infn.it | |
| Protocol and Port | IMAP on 993 port (SSL/TLS) | We recommend using "normal password" option |
| User Name | The user name (username) is not necessarily equal to the email address. |
Usually, the surname is used as the username whereas the email address is something similar than name.surname@lngs.infn.it. |
| Outgoing Server | smtp.lngs.infn.it | |
| Protocol and Port | SMTP on 25 port | It is not yet requested authentication within LAN laboratory |
For laptops and smartphones, set the outgoing server with authentication (used outside LNGS).
| Outgoing Server | smtp2.lngs.infn.it | |
| Protocol and Port | SSL on 465 port | |
| User Name | Use the same username as incoming | The mail address must be equal to that assigned (eg:This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) |
Users can access their email accounts via webmail using the http://gsmail.lngs.infn.it URL.
After using their credentials, users will access the SquirrelMail application that serves as a graphical interface of the IMAP server.
The following table shows the network printers at LNGS.
| Printer Name | Hostname | Location | Note |
| lngs-bathroom | lngs-bathroom.lngs.infn.it | near bathrooms (on the ground floor in the building n.5) | Black and White |
| lngs-color03 | lngs-color03.lngs.infn.it | Printer Room (on the ground floor in the building n.5) | Color |
| multifunzione-ced | multifunzione-ced.lngs.infn.it | Printer Room (on the ground floor in the building n.5) | Color |
| lngs-proom1 | lngs-proom1.lngs.infn.it | Printer Room (on the ground floor in the building n.5) | Color |
| multifunzione-divric | multifunzione-divric.lngs.infn.it | near elevator (on the first floor in the building n.5) | Color |
| lngs-magazzino | lngs-magazzino.lngs.infn.it | Warehouse building | Black and White |
| lngs-mntlvd | lngs-mntlvd.lngs.infn.it | Mounting Hall - LVD side | Black and White |
| lngs-northgate | lngs-northgate.lngs.infn.it | North Gate - near stairs | Black and White |
| multifunzione-northgate | multifunzione-northgate.lngs.infn.it | North Gate - near stairs | Color |
The following instructions are useful for installing a network printers on user pc.
Windows
From Control Panel->Device & Printer select Add printer->Add a printer using a TCP/IP address or hostname->The printer that I want isn’t listed and then Add a printer using a TCP/IP address or hostname and push on Next botton. Type the hostname or the IP address of the printer in Hostname or IP address. Push on Next button.
For the multifunzione-ced and multifunzione-northgate printers download this driver, for the multifunzione-divric download this driver and also follow these instrunctions:
Download and extract the printer driver.
Click Driver Disk -> browse and select the folder just extracted -> KXDriver -> 32/64 bit (in base of the operating system in use) -> OEMSETUP.inf and click OK
In the list select the printer Kyocera TASKalfa 4053ci KX / Kyocera TASKalfa 5052ci KX and click Next.
Windows will now walk you through installing the drivers for the printer. After that is complete, you should be able to print to the printer via direct IP address.
Important: leave selected "don't share this printer" and complete the installation.
MAC
Only for the multifunzione-ced, multifunzione-divric and multifunzione-northgate printers download and install this driver before follow the instructions described below.
From Apple Menu select System Preferences-> Printer & Scan. In the Print & Scan window click on the [+] button. Select IP tab in the Print Browser window and then
- in Address enter the IP address or hostname of the printer you want to add.
- Leave the Queue field blank. The Name and the Location fields are for your reference to keep track of your printers and differentiate between multiple ones.
Click on Add button. The printer will be added to your list of printers.
Linux (Ubuntu)
Select System Settings-> Printers. In the Printers window click on the [+] Add button. Choose Network Printer-> Find Network Printer and enter IP address/hostname of printer then click Forward button. Leave the default recommended driver.
In the Describe Printer window we will be asked to fill in some information about your printer as Printer Name, Description and Location for keeping track of your printers and differentiate between multiple ones. Click on Apply button to finish the printer installation.
For the multifunzione-ced, multifunzione-divric and multifunzione-northgate printers follow these instrunctions instead:
Ubuntu 16.04 o precedenti
Select System Settings-> Printers. In the Printers window click on the [+] Add button. Choose Network Printer-> Find Network Printer and enter IP address/hostname of printer then click Forward button. Leave the default recommended driver -> Forward -> clik the second driver from those available in the right column (Kyocera TASKalfa 500ci KPDL Foomatic/cljet5) -> Forward.
In the Describe Printer window we will be asked to fill in some information about your printer as Printer Name, Description and Location for keeping track of your printers and differentiate between multiple ones. Click on Apply button to finish the printer installation.
Ubuntu 18.04
